These are the sources for our earlier article on Browser Fingerprints Enabling Price Discrimination.
[1a]
Kare 11
The Target app price switch: What you need to know
Author: Chris Hrapsky
Published: 1/27/2019, Updated: February 6, 2019
https://www.kare11.com/article/money/consumer/the-target-app-price-switch-what-you-need-to-know/89-9ef4106a-895d-4522-8a00-c15cff0a0514
[1b]
Money Talks News
How Target Snooped on Shoppers, Changed Prices Based on Location
Bob Sullivan
February 16, 2019
https://www.moneytalksnews.com/how-target-snooped-on-shoppers-changed-prices-based-on-location/
“For instance, Target’s app price for a particular Samsung 55-inch Smart TV was $499.99, but when we pulled into the parking lot of the Minnetonka store, that price suddenly increased to $599.99 on the app,” the station said.
[1c]
Biz Journals
Report: Target’s app charges higher prices to customers near a store
By Alex Van Abbema
Feb 1, 2019
https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2019/02/01/report-targets-app-charges-higher-prices-to.html
[2]
Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
An Empirical Study on Price Differentiation Based on System Fingerprints
By Thomas Hupperich, Dennis Tatang
Dec 8 2017
Full PDF:
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.03031.pdf
or Summary via Semantics Scholar:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-Empirical-Study-on-Price-Differentiation-Based-Hupperich-Tatang/764dd962100f79ed53c379f99af40f2001742f57
Los Angeles (USA), London (United Kingdom), Berlin (Germany), and Tokyo (Japan).
Booking.com had higher rates for Pakistan than US. US was lowest. Take advantage of poverty and lack of knowledge.
Changing language, for example to German increased price.
[3]
Harvard Business Review
How Retailers Use Personalized Prices to Test What You’re Willing to Pay
By Rafi Mohammed
October 20, 2017
https://hbr.org/2017/10/how-retailers-use-personalized-prices-to-test-what-youre-willing-to-pay
[4]
Pro Publica
The Tiger Mom Tax: Asians Are Nearly Twice as Likely to Get a Higher Price from Princeton Review
By Julia Angwin, Surya Mattu and Jeff Larson
Sept. 1, 2015
https://www.propublica.org/article/asians-nearly-twice-as-likely-to-get-higher-price-from-princeton-review
[5]
CBS News
Can shopping online make you a victim of price discrimination?
January 9, 2017
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/shopping-online-could-make-you-a-victim-of-price-discrimination/
“charge more to PC users than mobile”
[6]
The Guardian
Cookie monsters: why your browsing history could mean rip-off prices
Arwa Mahdawi
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/06/cookie-monsters-why-your-browsing-history-could-mean-rip-off-prices
Tor version of Guardian article:
https://www.guardian2zotagl6tmjucg3lrhxdk4dw3lhbqnkvvkywawy3oqfoprid.onion/commentisfree/2016/dec/06/cookie-monsters-why-your-browsing-history-could-mean-rip-off-prices
https://getinvisiblehand.com/faq/index.html
[7]
The Click Hub
Do Browser Cookies Increase Flight Prices?
July 3 2019
By Sophie Barber
https://theclickhub.com/do-browser-cookies-increase-flight-prices/
“Staples, for example, has offered discounted prices based on whether rival stores are within 20 miles of its customers’ location.”
[5]
Wall Street Journal
Websites Vary Prices, Deals Based on Users’ Information
By Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Jeremy Singer-Vine and Ashkan Soltani
Dec. 24, 2012
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323777204578189391813881534
[8a]
Techlicious
When the Device You Use Determines the Price You Get
By Fox Van Allen
October 28, 2014
https://www.techlicious.com/blog/price-discrimination-by-operating-system-device/
[8b]
Northeastern University
Study: some online shoppers pay more than others
By Greg St. Martin,
October 23, 2014
https://news.northeastern.edu/2014/10/23/ecommerce-study/
[8c]
Northeastern University
Measuring Price Discrimination and Steering
on E-commerce Web Sites
By Aniko Hannak, Gary Soeller, David Lazer, Alan Mislove, Christo Wilson
https://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/cbw/static/pdf/imc151-hannak.pdf
[9a]
Cnet
Mac users pay more than PC users, says Orbitz
By Larry Dignan
June 25, 2012
https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/mac-users-pay-more-than-pc-users-says-orbitz/
The travel site says Mac users will pay $20 to $30 a night more on hotels than PC users.
Orbitz has found that Apple users spend as much as 30% more a night on hotels, so the online travel site is starting to show them different, and sometimes costlier, options than Windows visitors see.
[9b]
Wall Street Journal
On Orbitz, Mac Users Steered to Pricier Hotels
By Dana Mattioli
Updated Aug. 23, 2012
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304458604577488822667325882
[9c]
Wall Street Journal
Websites Vary Prices, Deals Based on Users’ Information
By Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Jeremy Singer-Vine, and Ashkan Soltani
Dec. 24, 2012
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323777204578189391813881534
[10]
Carnegie Mellon University
Automated Experiments on Ad Privacy Settings: A Tale of Opacity, Choice, and Discrimination
Amit Datta, M. Tschantz, Anupam Datta
Published 27 August 2014
Full PDF:
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mtschant/ife/datta15pets.pdf
or via Semantics Scholar:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Automated-Experiments-on-Ad-Privacy-Settings%3A-A-of-Datta-Tschantz/770d59a2cc0dbbbc964cac1c7e2d51897222e507
Quote:
“females received fewer instances of an ad encouraging the taking of high paying jobs than males.”
Facebook sued for employment, housing, and credit advertising… illegal. Continued even after made changes to cultural categories
[11]
Maastricht University
Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law
Volume 28, Issue 3, June 2021, Pages 283-286
Editorial: Discrimination in Online AdvertisingBy Caroline Cauffman
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1023263X211022526
Full PDF (heads up, it makes calls to Google)
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/1023263X211022526
or
https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211022526
[12]
LinkedIn
Through talent match feature
Displays candidates with whatever bias the employer has due to AI matching machine learning
California Law Review
Big Data’s Disparate Impact
Solon Barocas, Microsoft Research; Cornell University
Andrew D. Selbst, UCLA School of Law
Sep 30, 2016
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2808263_code1328346.pdf?abstractid=2477899&mirid=1&type=2
or
PDF..
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2477899
[13]
The New Yorker
“Reid Hoffman’s Big Dreams for LinkedIn”
Nicholas Lemann
October 10, 2015
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/12/the-network-man
[14]
Inf News
The “big data killing”, which has been repeatedly taught, was sprayed
By Ma Tianyu on the hot search
11-06-2022
https://inf.news/ne/tech/da96545a36cb03f22e4e3a076ed4aa64.html